Îmbătrânirea demografică și practică religioasă în România: 1990-2018 Population Ageing and Religious Practice in Romania: 1990-2018 Section The Social Context of Romania: 1945-2018
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Abstract
In Romania, as is the case in other Central and Eastern European states, there was a revival of religious practice after the fall of communism. In addition to the series of explanations proposed in the literature to understand this trend, we bring arguments for a hypothesis that starts from a demographic perspective. The main idea discussed in this paper is that the evolution of the population structure has consequences on its values and beliefs. In this article, we are looking at the evolution of the age structure of the Romanian population. As a result of improving life expectancy, decreasing fertility and a consistently negative net migration, there has been a steady increase in the share of the elderly in population in recent years. This article analyses the relationship between ageing population and religious practice in Romania after 1989. Based on data from 22 opinion polls and administrative data, using correlation analysis specific to small samples, we show that there is a positive association between population ageing and church attendance during the reference period. This association is also preserved when we consider factors suggested by alternative hypotheses, such as the economic situation of the elderly and the economic context of Romania at different moments during the period considered here.
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Voicu, M., & Manea, M. (2018). Îmbătrânirea demografică și practică religioasă în România: 1990-2018: Population Ageing and Religious Practice in Romania: 1990-2018. Sociologie Românească, 16(1-2), 55-70. Retrieved from https://arsociologie.ro/revistasociologieromaneasca/sr/article/view/2018_1_2_voicu_manea
References
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Azzi, C. și Ehrenberg, R. (1975) Household allocation of time and church attendance. Journal of Political Economy, 83, 1, 27-56.
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Bartram, D. (2013) Migration, return, and happiness in Romania. European Societies, 15, 3, 408-422.
Bălaşa, A. (2005) Îmbătrânirea populaţiei: provocări şi răspunsuri ale Europei. Calitatea Vieţii, XVI, 3-4, 273-288.
Bodogai, S. și Cutler, S. (2007) Aging in Romania: Research and Public Policy. The Gerontologist, 54, 2, 147-152.
Brenner, P. S. (2016) Cross-national Trends in Religious Service Attendance. Public Opinion Quarterly, 80, 2, 563-583.
Carling, J. și Pettersen, S. V. (2014) Return migration intentions in the integration-transnationalism matrix. International Migration, 52, 6, 13-30.
Crockett, A. și Voas, D. (2006) Generations of decline: Religious change in 20th-century Britain. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 45, 4, 567-584.
Danigelis, N., Hardy, M. și Cutler, S. (2007) Population Aging, Intracohort Aging, and Sociopolitical Attitudes. American Sociological Review, 72, 5, 812-830.
Eurostat (2017) Population change - Demographic balance and crude rates at national level (demo_gind). Reference metadata. Disponibil la https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/metadata/en/demo_gind_esms.htm. Accesat în 11 noiembrie 2018.
Eurostat (2018) Demographic balance and crude rates (demo_gind). Bază de date disponibilă la http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=demo_gind. Accesat în 11 noiembrie 2018.
Franklin Lytle, P. (1998) Religion and Politics in Eastern Europe, în S. Remet (ed.), Eastern Europe: Politics, Culture and Society since 1989, Bloomington, Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 304-329.
Froese, P. (2008) The Plot to Kill God. Berkley. Los Angeles, London: University of California Press.
Gautier, M. (1997) Church attendance and religious belief in post-communist societies. Journal for Scientific Study of Religion, 36, 2, 289-296.
Gheorghe, M. (2004) Religie și schimbare socială în România. Iași: Fundației Axis.
Ghețău, V. (2007) Declinul demografic și viitorul populației României. O perspectivă din anul 2007 asupra populației României în secolul 21. Buzău: Alpha MDN.
Greeley, A. (2003) Religion in Europe at the End of the Second Millennium, New Brunswick. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.
Güveli, A. și Platt, L. (2011) Understanding the Religious Behaviour of Muslims in the Netherlands and the UK. Sociology, 45, 6, 1008-1027.
Halman, L. și Draulans, V. (2004) Religious beliefs and practices in contemporary Europe, în W. Arts și L. Halman (eds.), European Values at the Turn of the Millennium, Boston: Brill, 283-316.
Immerzeel, T. și van Tubergen, F. (2013) Religion as Reassurance? Testing the Insecurity Theory in 26 European Countries. European Sociological Review, 26, 2, 359-372.
Inglehart, R. (2018) Cultural Evolution. People's Motivations are Changing and Reshaping the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
INS (2018) PNS106A - Indicii pensiei medii reale a pensionarilor de asigurări sociale de stat, inclusiv pensiile M.Ap., M.A.I., S.R.I, București. Disponibil la http://statistici.insse.ro/shop/index.jsp?page=tempo3&lang=ro&ind=PNS106A. Accesat în 11 noiembrie 2018.
INS (2011) Metodologia privind numărul de pensionari și pensia medie lunară. Anexă la Ordinul 714/20.04.2011. București. Disponibil la http://colectaredate.insse.ro/metadata/view.file?researchId=1950&type=methodology&file=Metodologie%20-%20Numarul%20de%20pensionari%20si%20pensia%20medie%20lunara.pdf
Jennings, M. K. și Stoker, L. (2004) Social Trust and Civic Engagement across Time and Generations. Acta Politica, 39, 4, 342-379.
Kelley, J. și De Graaf, N. D. (1997) National Context, Parental Socialization, and Religious Belief: Results from 15 Nations. American Sociological Review, 62, 4, 639-659.
Kostadinova, T. (2003) Voter turnout dynamics in post-Communist Europe. European Journal of Political Research, 42, 6, 741-759.
Meulemann, H. (2000) Beyond Unbelief. Religious uncertainty and religious indifference in countries with self-induced and enforced secularization. European Societies 2, 1, 167-194.
Miller, A. S. și Nakamura, T. (1996) On the Stability of Church Attendance Patterns During a Time of Demographic Change. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 35, 275-284.
Minarik, P. (2014) Employment, Wages, and Religious Revivals in Postcommunist Countries. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 53, 296-315.
Müller, T. S., De Graaf, N. D. și Schmidt, P. (2014) Which Societies Provide a Strong Religious Socialization Context? Explanations Beyond the Effects of National Religiosity. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 53, 4, 739-759.
Müller, T. și Neundorf, A. (2012) The role of the state in the repression and revival of religiosity in post-Socialist societies. Social Forces, 91, 2, 559-582.
Müller, O. (2004) Religiosity in Central and Eastern Europe: Results from the PCE Survey, în D. Jerolimov, S. Zrinscak și I. Borowik (eds.), Religion and Pattern of Social Transformation. Zagreb: 61-78.
Need, A. și Evans, G. (2001) Analyzing patterns of religious participation in post-communist Eastern Europe. British Journal of Sociology, 52, 2, 229-248.
Norris, P. și Inglehart, R. (2004) Sacred and Secular. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Northmore-Ball, K. și Evans, G. (2016) Secularization versus religious revival in Eastern Europe: Church institutional resilience, state repression and divergent paths. Social Science Research, 57, 1, 31-48.
Rotariu, T., Dumănescu, L. și Hărăguş, M. (2017) Demografia României în perioada postbelică (1948-2015). Iași: Polirom.
Sandu, D. (2006) Locuirea temporară în străinătate. Migrația economică a românilor 1990-2006. București: FSD.
Sandu, D. (2010) Lumile sociale ale migrației româneși în străinătate. Iași: Polirom.
Stata (2017) Spearman - Spearman’s and Kendall’s correlations. Stata Base Reference Manual: Release 15. College Station, TX: Stata Press.
Taylor-Gooby, P. (2001) Sustaining the Welfare State in Hard Times: Who Will Foot the Bill? Journal of European Social Policy, 11, 2, 133-147.
Tomka, M. (1995) The Changing Social Role of Religion in Eastern and Central Europe: Religion's Revival and its Contradictions. Social Compass, 42, 1, 17-26.
UNDP (2018) Table 1. Human Development Index and its components, în Human Development Reports Online. UNDP. Disponibil la http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/HDI. Accesat în 11 noiembrie 2018.
Van Tubergen, F. (2006) Religious Affiliation and Attendance among Immigrants in Eight Western Countries: Individual and Contextual Effects. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 45, 1, 1-22.
Voas, D. (2009) The Rise and Fall of Fuzzy Fidelity in Europe. European Sociological Review, 25, 2, 155-168.
Voicu, M. (2007) România religioasă. Iaşi: Institutul European.
Voicu, M. și Constantin, A. (2012) Religious Revival in Romania: Between Cohort Replacement and Contextual Changes, în G. Pickel (ed.), Transformation of Religiosity in Central and Eastern Europe 1989-2010, Weisbaden: VS Verlang.
Voicu M. (in curs de aparitie) Religious Supply, Existential Insecurity and Church Attendance in Post-Communist Romania, Review of Religious Research.
Wilson, B. (2000 [1981]) Religia din perspectivă sociologică. București: Trei.
Wolf, C. (2008) How Secularized is Germany? Cohort and Comparative Perspectives. Social Compass, 55, 2, 111-126.
Zamfir, C. (1999) Politici sociale in Romania. București: Expert.
Azzi, C. și Ehrenberg, R. (1975) Household allocation of time and church attendance. Journal of Political Economy, 83, 1, 27-56.
Banca Mondială (2018a) Population ages 65 and above (% of total). World Development Indicators Online. Washington, DC: World Bank. Disponibil la http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2&series=SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS&country=. Accesat în 11 noiembrie 2018.
Banca Mondială (2018b) Population ages 65 and above (% of total) in Romania. World Development Indicators Online. Washington, DC: World Bank. Disponibil la http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2&series=SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS&country=ROU. Accesat în 11 noiembrie 2018.
Banca Mondială (2018c) GDP per capita growth (annual %) in Romania. World Development Indicators Online. Washington, DC: World Bank. Disponibil la http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2&series=NY.GDP.PCAP.KD.ZG&country=ROU. Accesat în 11 noiembrie 2018.
Bartram, D. (2013) Migration, return, and happiness in Romania. European Societies, 15, 3, 408-422.
Bălaşa, A. (2005) Îmbătrânirea populaţiei: provocări şi răspunsuri ale Europei. Calitatea Vieţii, XVI, 3-4, 273-288.
Bodogai, S. și Cutler, S. (2007) Aging in Romania: Research and Public Policy. The Gerontologist, 54, 2, 147-152.
Brenner, P. S. (2016) Cross-national Trends in Religious Service Attendance. Public Opinion Quarterly, 80, 2, 563-583.
Carling, J. și Pettersen, S. V. (2014) Return migration intentions in the integration-transnationalism matrix. International Migration, 52, 6, 13-30.
Crockett, A. și Voas, D. (2006) Generations of decline: Religious change in 20th-century Britain. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 45, 4, 567-584.
Danigelis, N., Hardy, M. și Cutler, S. (2007) Population Aging, Intracohort Aging, and Sociopolitical Attitudes. American Sociological Review, 72, 5, 812-830.
Eurostat (2017) Population change - Demographic balance and crude rates at national level (demo_gind). Reference metadata. Disponibil la https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/metadata/en/demo_gind_esms.htm. Accesat în 11 noiembrie 2018.
Eurostat (2018) Demographic balance and crude rates (demo_gind). Bază de date disponibilă la http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=demo_gind. Accesat în 11 noiembrie 2018.
Franklin Lytle, P. (1998) Religion and Politics in Eastern Europe, în S. Remet (ed.), Eastern Europe: Politics, Culture and Society since 1989, Bloomington, Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 304-329.
Froese, P. (2008) The Plot to Kill God. Berkley. Los Angeles, London: University of California Press.
Gautier, M. (1997) Church attendance and religious belief in post-communist societies. Journal for Scientific Study of Religion, 36, 2, 289-296.
Gheorghe, M. (2004) Religie și schimbare socială în România. Iași: Fundației Axis.
Ghețău, V. (2007) Declinul demografic și viitorul populației României. O perspectivă din anul 2007 asupra populației României în secolul 21. Buzău: Alpha MDN.
Greeley, A. (2003) Religion in Europe at the End of the Second Millennium, New Brunswick. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.
Güveli, A. și Platt, L. (2011) Understanding the Religious Behaviour of Muslims in the Netherlands and the UK. Sociology, 45, 6, 1008-1027.
Halman, L. și Draulans, V. (2004) Religious beliefs and practices in contemporary Europe, în W. Arts și L. Halman (eds.), European Values at the Turn of the Millennium, Boston: Brill, 283-316.
Immerzeel, T. și van Tubergen, F. (2013) Religion as Reassurance? Testing the Insecurity Theory in 26 European Countries. European Sociological Review, 26, 2, 359-372.
Inglehart, R. (2018) Cultural Evolution. People's Motivations are Changing and Reshaping the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
INS (2018) PNS106A - Indicii pensiei medii reale a pensionarilor de asigurări sociale de stat, inclusiv pensiile M.Ap., M.A.I., S.R.I, București. Disponibil la http://statistici.insse.ro/shop/index.jsp?page=tempo3&lang=ro&ind=PNS106A. Accesat în 11 noiembrie 2018.
INS (2011) Metodologia privind numărul de pensionari și pensia medie lunară. Anexă la Ordinul 714/20.04.2011. București. Disponibil la http://colectaredate.insse.ro/metadata/view.file?researchId=1950&type=methodology&file=Metodologie%20-%20Numarul%20de%20pensionari%20si%20pensia%20medie%20lunara.pdf
Jennings, M. K. și Stoker, L. (2004) Social Trust and Civic Engagement across Time and Generations. Acta Politica, 39, 4, 342-379.
Kelley, J. și De Graaf, N. D. (1997) National Context, Parental Socialization, and Religious Belief: Results from 15 Nations. American Sociological Review, 62, 4, 639-659.
Kostadinova, T. (2003) Voter turnout dynamics in post-Communist Europe. European Journal of Political Research, 42, 6, 741-759.
Meulemann, H. (2000) Beyond Unbelief. Religious uncertainty and religious indifference in countries with self-induced and enforced secularization. European Societies 2, 1, 167-194.
Miller, A. S. și Nakamura, T. (1996) On the Stability of Church Attendance Patterns During a Time of Demographic Change. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 35, 275-284.
Minarik, P. (2014) Employment, Wages, and Religious Revivals in Postcommunist Countries. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 53, 296-315.
Müller, T. S., De Graaf, N. D. și Schmidt, P. (2014) Which Societies Provide a Strong Religious Socialization Context? Explanations Beyond the Effects of National Religiosity. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 53, 4, 739-759.
Müller, T. și Neundorf, A. (2012) The role of the state in the repression and revival of religiosity in post-Socialist societies. Social Forces, 91, 2, 559-582.
Müller, O. (2004) Religiosity in Central and Eastern Europe: Results from the PCE Survey, în D. Jerolimov, S. Zrinscak și I. Borowik (eds.), Religion and Pattern of Social Transformation. Zagreb: 61-78.
Need, A. și Evans, G. (2001) Analyzing patterns of religious participation in post-communist Eastern Europe. British Journal of Sociology, 52, 2, 229-248.
Norris, P. și Inglehart, R. (2004) Sacred and Secular. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Northmore-Ball, K. și Evans, G. (2016) Secularization versus religious revival in Eastern Europe: Church institutional resilience, state repression and divergent paths. Social Science Research, 57, 1, 31-48.
Rotariu, T., Dumănescu, L. și Hărăguş, M. (2017) Demografia României în perioada postbelică (1948-2015). Iași: Polirom.
Sandu, D. (2006) Locuirea temporară în străinătate. Migrația economică a românilor 1990-2006. București: FSD.
Sandu, D. (2010) Lumile sociale ale migrației româneși în străinătate. Iași: Polirom.
Stata (2017) Spearman - Spearman’s and Kendall’s correlations. Stata Base Reference Manual: Release 15. College Station, TX: Stata Press.
Taylor-Gooby, P. (2001) Sustaining the Welfare State in Hard Times: Who Will Foot the Bill? Journal of European Social Policy, 11, 2, 133-147.
Tomka, M. (1995) The Changing Social Role of Religion in Eastern and Central Europe: Religion's Revival and its Contradictions. Social Compass, 42, 1, 17-26.
UNDP (2018) Table 1. Human Development Index and its components, în Human Development Reports Online. UNDP. Disponibil la http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/HDI. Accesat în 11 noiembrie 2018.
Van Tubergen, F. (2006) Religious Affiliation and Attendance among Immigrants in Eight Western Countries: Individual and Contextual Effects. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 45, 1, 1-22.
Voas, D. (2009) The Rise and Fall of Fuzzy Fidelity in Europe. European Sociological Review, 25, 2, 155-168.
Voicu, M. (2007) România religioasă. Iaşi: Institutul European.
Voicu, M. și Constantin, A. (2012) Religious Revival in Romania: Between Cohort Replacement and Contextual Changes, în G. Pickel (ed.), Transformation of Religiosity in Central and Eastern Europe 1989-2010, Weisbaden: VS Verlang.
Voicu M. (in curs de aparitie) Religious Supply, Existential Insecurity and Church Attendance in Post-Communist Romania, Review of Religious Research.
Wilson, B. (2000 [1981]) Religia din perspectivă sociologică. București: Trei.
Wolf, C. (2008) How Secularized is Germany? Cohort and Comparative Perspectives. Social Compass, 55, 2, 111-126.
Zamfir, C. (1999) Politici sociale in Romania. București: Expert.