Repatrierea forței de muncă în contextul pandemiei COVID-19
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Abstract
This article aims at providing information about Romanian emigrants in terms of destinations and integration on the labour market at the destination and, at the same time, at tackling with the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mobility and eventual return of Romanian emigrants. For these explorations, we use quantitative data from various sources. The Repatriation of the Work Force is a research conducted in 2020, in which the local authorities from 3,181 administrative units in Romania were contacted and asked a series of questions regarding, among other topics, migration from and return migration to their locality. 742 answers were obtained, which were complemented with statistical information from Eurostat – Romanian citizens residing abroad, and the Romanian Border Police – traffic in an out Romanian borders since the beginning of the pandemic, compared to similar periods in 2019. The data provides an image of Romanian migrants abroad that is in line with what previous studies show, in terms of favourite destinations (Italy, Spain, Germany, Great Britain) and occupations at the destination (constructions, agriculture, housekeeping). Data from the Romanian Border Police show that return to Romania had some spikes in 2020, and suggests circularity and complex mobility trajectories.
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Voicu, M., Deliu, A., Stănescu, S., & Spiridon, E. (2023). Repatrierea forței de muncă în contextul pandemiei COVID-19. Sociologie Românească, 20(2), 76-100. https://doi.org/10.33788/sr.20.2.4
References
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Andrén, D., & Roman, M. (2014). Should I Stay or Should I Go? Romanian Migrants during Transition and Enlargements, IZA Discussion Papers, 8690, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn. Disponibil la http://hdl.handle.net/10419/107485. Accesat în 5 septembrie 2022.
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Heckathorn, D.D. (1997). Respondent-driven sampling: a new approach to the study of hidden populations, Social Problems, 44, 174-199.
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Polese, A., Fradejas-García, I., Banović, R. Š., Škokić, V., Kerikmäe, T., Molina, J. L., ... & Camerani, A. (2022). Labour Mobility and Informality: Romanian Migrants in Spain and Ethnic Entrepreneurs in Croatia, Politics and Governance, 10(2), 279-292.
Prieto-Rosas, V., Recaño, J., & Quintero-Lesmes, D.C. (2018). Migration responses of immigrants in Spain during the Great Recession, Demographic Research, 38, 1885-1932.
Pripoaie, R., Crețu, C. M., Turtureanu, A. G., Sîrbu, C. G., Marinescu, E. Ş., Talaghir, L. G., Chițu, F., & Robu, D. M. (2022). A Statistical Analysis of the Migration Process: A Case Study – Romania, Sustainability, 14(5), 2784.
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Sandu, D. (2017). Destination Selection Among Romanian Migrants in Times of Crisis: an Origin Integrated Approach, Romanian Journal of Population Studies, XI, 2, 145-192.
Sanromá, E., Ramos, R., & Simón, H. (2015). Portability of human capital and immigrant overeducation in Spain, Population Research and Policy Review, 34(2), 223-241.
Stănescu, S.M., Dragotoiu A., & Marinoiu A.I. (2012). Beneficiile de asistență socială gestionate de Ministerul Muncii, Familiei și Protecției Sociale, Revista Calitatea Vieții, XXIII, 3, 239-266.
Țoc, S., & Buligescu, B. (2020). Impactul politicii de acordare a ajutorului social pentru asigurarea venitului minim garantat asupra reducerii sărăciei în România: The impact of the guaranteed minimum income on reducing poverty in Romania, Sociologie Românească, 18(1), 63-88.
Tufiș, P. (2009). Traiectorii ocupaționale, în D. Sandu (coord.), Comunități românești în Spania, București: Fundația Soros.
Ambrosini, J.W., Mayr, K., Peri, G., & Radu, D. (2012). The Selection of Migrants and Returnees in Romania: Evidence and Long-Run Implications, IZA Discussion Papers, 6664, Bonn. Disponibil la http://ftp.iza.org/dp6664.pdf. Accesat în 5 septembrie 2022.
Andrén, D., & Roman, M. (2014). Should I Stay or Should I Go? Romanian Migrants during Transition and Enlargements, IZA Discussion Papers, 8690, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn. Disponibil la http://hdl.handle.net/10419/107485. Accesat în 5 septembrie 2022.
Arpinte, D. (2019). Este România o țară de asistați sociali, Revista Calitatea Vieții, XXX, 1, 42-58.
Bertoli, S., Brücker, H, & Fernández-Huertas Moraga, J. (2013). The European Crisis and Migration to Germany: Expectations and the Diversion of Migration Flows, IZA Discussion Papers, 7170, IZA. Bonn. Disponibil la https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/7170/the-european-crisis-and-migration-to-germany-expectations-and-the-diversion-of-migration-flows. Accesat în 5 septembrie 2022.
Boboc, C., Vasile, V., & Todose, D. (2012). Vulnerabilities associated to migration trajectories from Romania to EU countries, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 62, 352-359.
Burlacu, I., Soare, S., & Vintilă, D. (2020). Migrant’s Access to Social Protection in Romania, în J-M. Lafleur, & D. Vintilă, (coord.) Migration and Social Protection in Europe and Beyond (vol. 1) Comparing Access to Welfare Entitlements, Springer. Disponibil la https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-030-51241-5. Accesat în 5 septembrie 2022.
Consiliul European (1971). Regulamentul (CEE) nr. 1408/71 al Consiliului din 14 iunie 1971 privind aplicarea regimurilor de securitate socială în raport cu lucrătorii salariați, cu lucrătorii care desfășoară activități independente și cu membrii familiilor acestora care se deplasează în cadrul Comunității.
Dustmann, C. (1996). Return migration: the European experience. Economic policy, 11(22), 213-250.
Gherghina, S., & Plopeanu, A. (2020). Who wishes to return? Ties to home country among the Romanian migrants. Nationalities Papers, 48(5), 876-890.
Gherghina, S., Plopeanu, A. P., & Necula, C. V. (2020). The impact of socio-cultural integration on return intentions: evidence from a survey on Romanian migrants, Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 18(4), 515-528.
Goschin, Z. (2018). Regional patterns of Romanian emigration. A geographically weighted regression model, Romanian Journal of Economics, 46(55), 60-74.
Heckathorn, D.D. (1997). Respondent-driven sampling: a new approach to the study of hidden populations, Social Problems, 44, 174-199.
Holland, D. et al. (2011). Labour mobility within the EU. The impact of enlargement and the functioning of the transitional arrangements. Final report-country case studies, National London: Institute of Economic and Social Research.
INSSE (2019). Statistici experimentale. Studiu exploratoriu privind stocul de migrație. Disponibil la https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/Statistici-Experimentale/studiu_exploratoriu_metode_estimare_stoc_migratie.pdf. Accesat în 5 septembrie 2022.
Kogan, I. (2006). Labor Markets and Economic Incorporation among Recent Immigrants in Europe, Social Forces, 85, 697-721.
Lazăr, F., Roșu, L., Cristea, D., & Iovu, M.B. (2020). Perspective asupra sistemului și serviciilor de asistență socială din România. București: Tritonic.
Legea 47/ 2006 privind sistemul național de asistență socială.
López Sala, A.M., Molinero Gerbeau, Y., Jolivet-Guetta, M., Eremenko, T., Beauchemin, C., Samuk, S., & Consterdine, E. (2016). Seasonal immigrant workers and programs in UK, France, Spain and Italy, Proyecto Temper.
Mara, I. (2012). Surveying Romanian Migrants in Italy Before and After the EU Accession: Migration Plans, Labour Market Features and Social Inclusion, wiiw Research Report, 378, Vienna: The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies (wiiw). Disponibil la http://hdl.handle.net/10419/204150. Accesat în 5 septembrie 2022.
Monti, A., & Serrano, I. (2022). Economic reintegration postreturn - examining the role of return voluntariness, resource mobilization and time to prepare, Population, Space and Place, 28, e2577.
OECD (2019). Talent Abroad: A Review of Romanian Emigrants, OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/bac53150-en. Accesat în 5 septembrie 2022.
Pencheva, D. (2020). (în presă) Coronavirus: flying in fruit pickers from countries in lockdown is dangerous for everyone, THE CONVERSATION. Disponibil la https://theconversation.com/coronavirus-flying-in-fruit-pickers-from-countries-in-lockdown-is-dangerous-for-everyone-136551?fbclid=IwAR2jo96eGH3GHCalzXZLMfurvUTSealWET0IkgqIdd7FsOh0PnvmmF0xLlw. Accesat în 5 septembrie 2022.
Plopeanu, A. P., & Homocianu, D. (2020). Why would Romanian migrants from Western Europe return to their country of origin?, Eastern Journal of European Studies, 11(1).
Polese, A., Fradejas-García, I., Banović, R. Š., Škokić, V., Kerikmäe, T., Molina, J. L., ... & Camerani, A. (2022). Labour Mobility and Informality: Romanian Migrants in Spain and Ethnic Entrepreneurs in Croatia, Politics and Governance, 10(2), 279-292.
Prieto-Rosas, V., Recaño, J., & Quintero-Lesmes, D.C. (2018). Migration responses of immigrants in Spain during the Great Recession, Demographic Research, 38, 1885-1932.
Pripoaie, R., Crețu, C. M., Turtureanu, A. G., Sîrbu, C. G., Marinescu, E. Ş., Talaghir, L. G., Chițu, F., & Robu, D. M. (2022). A Statistical Analysis of the Migration Process: A Case Study – Romania, Sustainability, 14(5), 2784.
Rogozanu, C., & Gabor, D. (2020). (în presă) Are western Europe's food supplies worth more than east European workers' health?, The Guardian. Disponibil la https://www.theguardian.com/world/commentisfree/2020/apr/16/western-europe-food-east-european-workers-coronavirus?fbclid=IwAR3QX30JajIaGv-wPq9QJxMsLW6zZENE53bijWLhWHrYC_t0pydAf2mWT80. Accesat în 5 septembrie 2022.
Rydgren, J. (2004). Mechanisms of exclusion: ethnic discrimination in the Swedish labour market, Journal of Ethnic and Migration studies, 30(4), 697-716.
Sandu, D. (2006). Locuirea temporară în străinătate. Migrația economică a românilor:1990-2006. București, Fundația pentru o Societate Deschisă.
Sandu, D. (2017). Destination Selection Among Romanian Migrants in Times of Crisis: an Origin Integrated Approach, Romanian Journal of Population Studies, XI, 2, 145-192.
Sanromá, E., Ramos, R., & Simón, H. (2015). Portability of human capital and immigrant overeducation in Spain, Population Research and Policy Review, 34(2), 223-241.
Stănescu, S.M., Dragotoiu A., & Marinoiu A.I. (2012). Beneficiile de asistență socială gestionate de Ministerul Muncii, Familiei și Protecției Sociale, Revista Calitatea Vieții, XXIII, 3, 239-266.
Țoc, S., & Buligescu, B. (2020). Impactul politicii de acordare a ajutorului social pentru asigurarea venitului minim garantat asupra reducerii sărăciei în România: The impact of the guaranteed minimum income on reducing poverty in Romania, Sociologie Românească, 18(1), 63-88.
Tufiș, P. (2009). Traiectorii ocupaționale, în D. Sandu (coord.), Comunități românești în Spania, București: Fundația Soros.